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Relative Clauses

Advanced Grammar upper_intermediate hard

Clauses that identify or add information about a noun.

Advanced Grammar — Voice, narration, clauses and conditionals.

Rules

1. Defining (identifies): The man who called you is my uncle — no commas. 2. Non-defining (extra info): My uncle, who lives in Delhi, is a doctor — commas, cannot use "that". 3. who → people; which → things; that → people or things; whose → possession; where → places; when → times. 4. Omit the relative pronoun when it is the object: The book (which) I read was great. 5. Prepositions: The man whom I spoke to / to whom I spoke (formal). 6. Relative clauses make writing smoother: two short sentences → one clause.

Explanation

Use "who" for people, "which" for things, "that" for either (defining only). Commas change the meaning — compare "My brother who lives in Delhi" (one of several brothers) with "My brother, who lives in Delhi" (my only brother).

हिंदी में

संबंधवाचक उपवाक्य (relative clause) संज्ञा के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी देता है — who, which, that, whose से शुरू। Defining और non-defining का फर्क याद रखें।

Examples

The man who called you is my uncle. — जिस आदमी ने तुम्हें फोन किया वह मेरा चाचा है।
Delhi, which is the capital, is crowded. — दिल्ली, जो राजधानी है, बहुत भीड़भाड़ वाली है।

Common Mistakes

{"mistake":"The house who is on the corner is old.","correction":"The house which is on the corner is old.","note":"\"who\" is only for people."}

Practice Questions

Q1. Which sentence contains an error?

The car which he bought is red.
The woman who called you left.
The boy which broke the window ran away.
The house that we visited was old.

Answer: The boy which broke the window ran away.

💡 People → who, not which.

Q2. The girl ___ bag was stolen is crying.

whose
who
whom
which

Answer: whose

💡 Whose shows possession in a relative clause.

Q3. The book ___ you gave me is interesting.

which
who
whose
whom

Answer: which

💡 Which refers to things.

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Topic	Level	What it covers
Active & Passive Voice	upper_intermediate	Who does the action (active) vs who receives it (passive).
Direct & Indirect Speech	upper_intermediate	Reporting what someone said, word-for-word or in your own words.
Active Voice	intermediate	The subject performs the action.
Passive Voice	upper_intermediate	The object becomes the subject; the doer moves to "by".
Direct Speech	upper_intermediate	The speaker's exact words inside quotation marks.
Indirect Speech	upper_intermediate	Reporting the meaning of speech without quotes.